Recommendations for Pandemic Stay-at-home Reading, by Don Orth

During my stay-at-home time, many things have changed, but reading at home is still a welcome escape. There is only so much binge-watching of Grey’s Anatomy and Bosch that I can take.  I have a stack of books to read when I’m not in a zoom meeting, writing papers, teaching online, reviewing student work, and shopping online. Here I share some books that might be of interest to you.

I realize the precarious nature of small, independent booksellers as I often rely on Amazon to deliver books. In 2011 Amazon was estimated to have sold around 22.6% of the books in the U.S. and today is likely higher (Minzesheimer 2011). If the loss of independent booksellers concerns you, try Indiebound.org and find an independent bookstore near you. 

Reading Shelf April 22, 2020.

The following are among the top non-fiction books on my reading list:

Flaws: Shark Bites and Emotional Public Policymaking, by Christopher L. Pepin-Neff (2019).  

If you are interested in the tragic accidents of shark bites and how politicians respond in the name of public safety, then read this account. He develops an emotion-policy framework that is applied to three case studies of policymaking. The human-shark relationship is changing in a post-Jaws era and much more attention is being placed on “Save the Sharks” efforts.

Vaquita: Science, Politics, and Crime in the Sea of Cortez, by Brooke Bessesen (2018).

The small vaquita porpoise, first described in 1958, is the world’s most endangered marine mammal. Banning gill net fishing was its last hope — until illegal fishing for swim bladders of totoaba, a large drum, doomed recovery.  The book chronicles the many people and places engaged in this last-ditch effort.  

Vaquita porpoise  Photo Natural History Magazine CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Being Salmon, Being Human: Encountering the Wild in Us and Us in the Wild, by Martin Lee Mueller (2017)

A story of how salmon influence people, cultural and tribal lore, honoring nature, and why wild caught salmon change us. This book reminds us of our essential humanness as one of many strands in the world. Mueller provides a thoughtful narrative on the human-salmon relationship and interpretations from major philosophers as he contributes to a growing literature on ecophilosophy.

Reef Life: An Underwater Memoir, by Callum Roberts (2019)

Callum Roberts is a scientist who spends his time studying tropical coral reefs.  To pick up and read this is to listen and watch as he details life on a coral reef.  He begins with his earliest recollections exploring waters of the Red Sea of Saudi Arabia and takes the reader to many remote marine parks detailing what makes these reefs special.  A world without coral reefs is considered in the final chapter.

Swarthy Parrotfish Scarus niger is one of several herbivorous fishes that Roberts studied in the Red Sea during his doctoral studies.  Photo CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Matter & Desire: An Erotic Ecology, by Andreas Weber (2017)

Andreas Weber is a biologist, philosopher, and nature writer who believes the root cause of environmental problems is the alienation between people and nature. He argues and demonstrates that feelings and emotions are the foundation of life.  Hence, being alive is an erotic process. This book continues to explore his thesis that meaning, expression and emotion helps us understand the basic framework of life.  Read this is if you can be convinced that living beings should not simply be natural resource.

Why Fish Don't Exist: A Story of Loss, Love, and the Hidden Order of Life, by Lulu Miller (2020) 

This book is about one of the most prolific and influential early ichthyologists in North America. David Starr Jordan (1851-1933) will be a familiar person to any serious student of the fishes. However, this story explores many aspects of his life and struggles that have not previously been revealed.  While I had heard about the catastrophic loss of his fish collections in an earthquake, I never knew of the darkness of his personality, his dismissal from Stanford, his views on eugenics, and a possible murder coverup.  Miller writes about struggles that Jordan endured and reveals much about her own struggles to remain creative in the face of adversity.     

Fishing: How the Sea Fed Civilization, by Brian Fagan (2018)  

 Fishing is the last major source of food from the wild. Brian Fagan reviews over a million years of fishing in the wild, from subsistence to commercial overfishing.  You will find this of interest if you care about the significance of fishing in our cultural development.  Fagan draws from many contributions from archaeological research and discussions with modern fishers to explore past and present patterns of exploitation.  Read this to appreciate the complexities of conserving ocean resources while fishing depleted oceans.

The Outlaw Ocean: Journeys Across the Last Untamed Frontier, by Ian Urbina, August 20, 2019

The Outlaw Ocean introduces us to many bad players in the world of fisheries as it reviews maritime and fisheries laws. It’s not an easy read as Urbina reveals the scope of illegal fishing, modern-day slavery, dumping, murder, and gun running on fishing vessels. His journeys reflect the unsettling reality that modern laws do not apply in many places in the ocean.  I came away with a deeper knowledge of the real cost of cheap seafood.

What a Fish Knows: The Inner Lives of Our Underwater Cousins, by Jonathan Balcombe (2017)   

 We know so very little about fish cognition, emotion, and perceptions.   Do fish play?  Do moray eels plan their hunting excursions? Do wrasse learn?  Can fish suffer?  Do bass recognize faces? These and many other questions are not explored in Ichthyology texts.  Increasingly, researchers are exploring fish behavior with more rigorous methods.   Jonathan Balcombe is a behaviorist who makes our current knowledge of the fishes easier to understand.  As a result, we have a newfound respect for the capabilities of fish.

Prophetic investigations of conditions leading to past pandemics in book by David Quammen.  Photo by Bernard Goldbach CC BY 2.0

 

Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic, by David Quammen (2012)  

 Written before the emergence of COVID-19, this is a timely read. David Quammen examined outbreaks of SARS, MERS, AIDS and visits the experts. We learn that a virus can become pathogenic in a nonhuman animal and then jump to humans. We learn that a relatively harmless version of virus can jump from bats to another animal and then to humans.  More than one intermediate animal species could be involved in transmission.  Human are expanding and living in closer proximity to wild animals. Once in the human population, a virus can evolve to become potentially dangerous.  Spillover was a prophetic book and foreshadowed the emergence of a deadly pandemic, in this case COVID-19. 

The Curious Death of Peter Artedi: A Mystery in the History of Science, by Theodore W. Pietsch (2010)  

Peter Artedi is often referred to as the father of Ichthyology. Unfortunately, Artedi died before his life's work was completed.  His studies on fish were eventually published by his friend and colleague, Carl Linneaus.  This book is a fictional account of the events before and after Artedi's untimely demise. 

I also recommend some fiction to help you avoid the news of the day.

Razor Girl, Bad Monkey, or Double Whammy, by Carl Hiaasen

Carl Hiassen writes of quirky characters centered in south Florida.   Double Whammy is one of the most memorable. One of the quirky characters is a private detective who investigates a suspected cheater in bass fishing tournaments. The double whammy is a bass fishing lure, found on a dead body in the beginning of the story. Double Whammy was also on a list of books banned in Texas prisons—I’m not making this up!  Hiassen’s reaction to hearing the news was  “I confess to feeling flattered that I made the Texas list.”

The Guardians, by John Grisham (2019), follows innocence workaholic attorney-and-Episcopal-priest named Cullen Post as he attempts to free a convicted murderer on death row.

Blue Moon, by Lee Child (2019). Jack Reacher has no particular place to go and all the time in the world to get there.  Reacher says "once in a blue moon things turn out just right.”  This wasn't one of those times when Jack Reacher helped an elderly man who turned out to be paying his loan shark.  Reacher, never off duty, cannot leave that one alone.  

The Night Fire, by Michael Connelly (2020), is the latest crime novel that features detective Harry Bosch.  Even if you haven't read previous novels by Connelly, you can pick up this book which pairs
the now retired and ever stubborn Harry Bosch with Detective Renée Ballard. Even in retirement, Harry lives by his credo that "Everybody counts, or nobody counts.”  

Lyra and the Adventure of the Flying Fish, by Peter Emina, illustrated by Alice Ridley (2011), is a story inspired by and about Lyra McConnell.  Lyra was born premature at 24 weeks, 5 days, and weighed only 1 pound and 10 ounces. The story is a fictional account of the adventures of Lyra  that demonstrate a sense of adventure and determination in this little girl that must have started in her incubator.  Lyra and her friend, W. Rabbit, explore many fishy worlds. It's a great story about a young girl and adventures with her snorkel.

  

References

Minzesheimer, B. 2011.  Is there hope for small bookstores in a digital age?  USA Today February 10, 2011.  Available at http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2011-02-10-1Abookstores10_CV_N.htm {accessed on April 22, 2020}

What Fish Should I Eat? by Don Orth

Fisheries and aquaculture provide protein for a quarter of the world’s population and livehoods for 59.6 million workers. Fish provide a high-quality, easily digested animal protein with essential amino acids, fats, and micronutrients. Greater consumption of fish is associated with a lower risk of dementia, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular disease (Bakre et al. 2018; Marshall and van der Meij 2018).  Eat more fish - it's good for you!  Yet, the diversity of fish and types of fishing makes the selection of what fish to eat more complicated. 

Tuna is a popular food fish worldwide.  Photo by Ashbridge Studios, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.  Source

One of many challenges to reducing hunger and malnutrition is to eliminate overfishing and delivering seafood in sustainable manner that does not further contribute to climate change.  Globally, 67% of assessed fish stocks are within biologically sustainable levels, which means they are at or above the level associated with maximum sustainable yield (FAO 2018); however, more fish stocks are being overfished.

Global trends in the state of the world’s marine fish stocks, 1974-2015.   Source:  FAO 2018.  CC-BY-NC-SA        

Fish and fish products provide an average of only ~34 calories per capita per day but the daily contribution varies widely by region based on availability of alternative protein sources and cultural preferences for fish.  Annual per capita consumption has more than tripled since 1961 in developing regions where four fish dominate our menu — salmon, sea bass, cod, and tuna (Greenberg 2011).   Many low-income regions of Latin America and Africa, where political instability and civil unrest have stymied economic development, still have very high food deficits.

Contribution of fish to animal protein supply (2013-2015).   Source:  FAO 2018.  CC-BY-NC-SA    

More people are consuming fish than ever before. The admonition to “think global and act local” should translate to eating locally harvested seafood and minimizing costs and unsustainable fishing practices. The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO 1995) is a guiding framework for implementing sustainable fisheries and aquaculture operations. It sets out international principles and standards of behavior to ensure effective conservation, management, and development of both marine and freshwater living aquatic resources. It also accounts for the impact of fishing on ecosystems, the impact of ecosystems on fisheries, and the need to conserve biodiversity.    

Sustainability is a plastic word (Nikiforuk 2019). A fishery is not simply sustainable or not sustainable.  It’s more complicated and requires many choices.  Most practitioners accept three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic and ecological, but a deeper analysis requires consideration of six dimensions of sustainable development, specifically economic, social, ecological, institutional, ethical, and technological factors (Lam and Pitcher 2012; Aquado et al. 2016). For example, justice relates to equity or the fair distribution of benefits and harm, in terms of ecosystems and social justice. Many issues play into assessing sustainability.  Globally, we should be concerned with issues of seafood safety, bycatch, fish fraud, pollution from fish farms, post-harvest loss and waste, local governance, microplastics, lost and discarded fishing gear, overharvest of forage fish harvesting for fish meal, and many other social and ethical issues. As the trade flow diagrams show us, the source of our seafood is also complicated and most regions are importing much of their seafood. Your choice of fish to eat may depend on where and how it was harvested. 

Trade flows of fish and fish product by continent, share of total imports in value 2016 (%).  Source:  FAO 2018.  CC-BY-NC-SA        

Seafood certification, or ecolabeling, provided by third-parties, such as the Marine Stewardship Council and Seafood Watch, are the beginnings of evaluation of ethical and sustainble fisheries. Fishing practices changed dramatically in response to public outrage over harvest of dolphins in tuna purse-seining.  Fisheries that meet Marine Stewardship Criteria are highly selective for the target species, have limited access, well regulated, enforced, and often involve co-management between government, scientists, and fishers.  Seafood Watch develops fisheries and aquaculture standards to judge and communicate fish to “avoid” and “good” or “best” choices.  A novel aspect of this program rates whether fisheries support human trafficking, forced labor or child labor, as well as a new tool that collects data on carbon emissions (Monterey Bay Aquarium 2018).  These third-party certifications of sustainability have not yet delivered on the promise of price premiums, improved governance, or improved environmental conditions (Roheim et al. 2018). Challenges remain in the implementation of seafood sustainability due to potential for confusion about the overlapping goals of a growing range of sustainability initiatives (McClenachan et al. 2016).  

Three types of seafood sustainability initiatives and example goals of each (McClenachan et al. 2016).

One of the remaining issues of ecosystem justice remains to be solved.  With the expansion of aquaculture, the demand for fish meal has increased.   Small fishes, menhaden, anchovies, sardines, capelin, herring, and others are harvested and sent to reduction facilities that market and sell food to fish and other farms.   These fish, often labeled as forage fish, when overfished, no longer support seabirds and larger striped bass or bluefin tuna at higher trophic levels. 

What fish should I eat?  You can eat the fish you catch locally after you learn about local fish consumption advisories.  Take time to learn more about the fish you purchase to eat and how they were harvested.  Alaska Pollock Theragra chalcogramma had the highest catch of any fish in the world, followed by anchoveta, and Skipjack Tuna Katsuwonus pelamis.   Pollock is a “best choice” option according to Seafood Watch, but the Marine Stewardship Council has certified only the US fisheries for Alaska Pollock. McDonald's Filet-O-Fish contains Alaska Pollock in North America.   Skipjack Tuna is a “best choice” if harvested by trolling or pole-and-line fisheries, whereas the long line and purse seine fisheries is a “good choice” due to concerns of bycatch of dolphins. Tuna fisheries that use purse seines with FAD (fish attraction devices) should be avoided.   How do you know?   Look for the Marine Stewardship Council logo on any fish you purchase. 

I also started to compare the carbon foot prints of wild versus farmed seafood. The Seafood Carbon Emissions Tool was created by scientists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch program and Dalhousie University. This tool also allows you to calculate the emissions associated with transporting the product to its final destination.   Most highly valued species such as shrimp, prawns, salmon, tunas, groundfish (e.g., cod, hakes, and haddocks), flatfish, seabass, and seabream are traded to the most prosperous markets, while less valued species are exported to developing countries. The US imports 98% of its Atlantic Salmon.  My favorite wild Alaskan Sockeye Salmon turns out to have a very high carbon cost associated with transport  

Since aquaculture provides over 50% of global seafood and the US imports the majority of its edible seafood, expect the supply of farmed seafood to continue to increase.  Hopefully, more of these products will be marketed with third party certification to assure responsible practices. Look for the logo for Best Aquaculture Practices Certification.  Watch for locally grown seafood from farms that use recirculating aquaculture technology and integrate aquaponics with fish production.  A land-based aquaponics farm, Superior Fresh, is expanding operations in Wisconsin on a 720-acre property producing fish and leafy green vegetables.  Superior Fresh is the first land-based Atlantic Salmon producer and the world’s largest aquaponics facility.  The goal is to producing seafood with a smaller environmental footprint than other options.  At a recent Wisconsin Aquaculture conference,  Greg Fischer, Manager of the Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility, predicted that Walleye “will be the next big food fish for aquaculture in the Midwest.”  This locally produced fish would reduce demand on wild stocks. 

References

Aguado, S.H., I.S. Segado, and T.J. Pitcher.  2016. Towards sustainable fisheries: A multi-criteria participatory approach to assessing indicators of sustainable fishing communities: A case study from Cartagena (Spain). Marine Policy 65:97-106.

Bakre, A.T. and thirteen coauthors. 2018.  Association between fish consumption and risk of dementia: a new study from China and a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.  Public Health Nutrition 21(10):1921-1932.

FAO. 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Rome.  Accessed 17 June, 2019 from http://www.fao.org/3/v9878e/v9878e00.htm

FAO. 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  227 pp.  Accessed 17 June, 2019 from http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I9540EN

Greenberg, P. 2011.  Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food.    Penguin Books, 285 pp. 

Lam, M.E., and T.J. Pitcher. 2012.  The ethical dimensions of fisheries.  Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4:364-373.

Marshall, S., and B. van der Meij. 2018.  Fish and omega-3 intake and health in older people.   Maturitas 115:117-118. 

McClenachan, L., S.T.M. Dissanayake, and X. Chen. 2016. Fair trade fish: consumer support for broader seafood sustainability.  Fish and Fisheries 17:825-838.

Monterey Bay Aquarium. 2018.  Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch Launches First-of-its-Kind Seafood Slavery Risk Tool.    Accessed 17 June 2019 from https://newsroom.montereybayaquarium.org/press/seafood-watch-launches-seafood-slavery-risk-tool

Nikiforuk, A. 2019.  Against ‘sustainability’ and other plastic words.  The Tyee  2 May. Accessed on 18 June at https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2019/05/02/Sustainability-Plastic/

Roheim, C.A., S.R. Bush, F. Asche, J.N. Sanchirico, and H. Uchida. 2018. Evolution and the future of sustainable seafood market.  Nature Sustainability 1:392-398.

Siberian Taimen: Ensuring the Survival of the River Wolf, by Spencer Bell

Deep in the most remote regions of Russia, China, and Mongolia lurks the largest salmonid in the world, the Siberian Taimen. Sitting at the crossroads of folklore and reality, the Hucho taimen has long held the imagination of western anglers searching for the thrill of fighting “the big one”. Due to the life history of Taimen though, angling must be done responsibly to avoid negative impacts. Even the removal of a single reproducing Taimen could have devastating impacts. How then can we ensure the continuation of fish such as the Siberian Taimen in a world developing in ways that may harm them? Historically, low population densities of the Siberian Taimen were found throughout Russia and the northern watersheds of China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia (Dulmaa 1999; Vander Zanden et al. 2007; Hogan and Jensen 2013).

Taimen thrive in swift flowing water with high oxygen levels.  Depending on competition, they can require up to 60 river miles for home range.  Although not anadromous, Taimen travel huge distances during spawning periods.   After spawning, females place 4,000-30,000 eggs under gravel in stream bottoms (Hogan and Jensen 2013).  As Taimen are both slow growing and late to mature, it takes five to seven years to reach sexual maturity.  Those few Taimen that reach maturity can grow as large as 60 inches and 60 pounds over a 50 year lifespan, though individuals of that age are rare due to targeted fishing (Holcik et al. 1988).  As opportunistic feeders, Taimen live by the rule that if it fits in their mouth, its food.  This includes mostly fish, but also birds, rodents, bats, and even other Taimen if alternative food sources are unavailable.  Large fish live alone, but younger fish will travel and even hunt in packs at times lending this fish the moniker, the river wolf. 

Siberian Taimen, Hucho taimen.  Source 

Before access to Taimen fisheries was opened to the west, the only glimpse anglers had of the river wolf was through the lens of myth.  Russians told of fish 30 feet long, able to rip trees holding set lines out of the ground.  In Mongolia, stories told of a giant Taimen stuck in ice.  Nomads ate of the fish chunk by chunk until the spring thaw.  Once the giant Taimen was free, it climbed onto land and devoured the nomads in return.  Myths such as these have contributed to local aversions of streams where Taimen are found.  In addition to rarely eating fish, Mongolians are careful when allowing children and livestock in streams home to Taimen.  In Buddhist culture though, Taimen as the children of river spirits.     Hucho taimen may be known to the Chinese as "the river god's daughter,"     Mongolian Buddhist have protected the home streams of Taimen for generations in reverence of their beliefs for centuries.  But even this cultural affinity has not been able to protect Taimen from recent development along their native streams. 

Three Taimen, underwater photo from Eg River, northern Mongolia.  Source. 

Due to its ecology, Siberian Taimen are especially vulnerable to impacts that remove individuals from the breeding population.  In Russia, historical commercial and subsistence fishing is believed to have been as high as 150-200 metric tons annually.  By the mid-1950s mass poaching combined with contamination from industry and agricultural waste had led to localized extinctions throughout the country.  Even when protections were put in place in 1988, continued illegal harvesting reduced populations to the point that fish may have been unable to find mates in coastal areas of northern Lake Baikal.  In China where Taimen are limited to two watersheds, illegal fishing and overharvest have led to population declines as high as 95% with ranges limited to 7% of historic ranges in the past 50 years (Ocock et al. 2006).  With native populations plummeting, illegal fish trade has developed between China and Mongolia resulting in further declines where the Taimen is not as heavily harvested (Chandra et al. 2005).  Outside of this illegal trade, impacts on Taimen in Mongolia are mainly due to development, mining, and overgrazing.  As fishing is not historically part of Mongolian culture, population declines have been more moderate at approximately 50% in the past 30 years.  These declines are predicted to increase in the future though due to illegal trade with China (Chandra et al. 2005).  In Mongolia, hope for the Taimen’s survival may rest in the nation’s ability to develop economic incentives to limit over harvest.

Although declining on all fronts, the future of the Taimen may actually depend on fishing itself (Stubblefield et al. 2005; Vander Zanden et al. 2007).  With the cooling of Cold War tensions in the late 1980s-early 1990s, western anglers first gained access to the streams where Taimen were native.  In Mongolia, a new tourist industry began to be developed to cater to the needs fishermen.  Instead of targeting these fish for filets as the locals though, these anglers were looking to catch “the big one” for bragging rights then release their prize.  Nearly as soon as the iron curtain fell, outfits began popping up that focused on transporting fly fishermen to the most remote areas of Siberia to battle this fish.  Especially in Mongolia, recreational fishing has offered an economic alternative to poaching that protects Taimen in areas with little other development.  To ensure the health of recreational fisheries, anglers began directing funds to the conservation of Taimen and the streams they inhabit.  This has led to the establishment educational initiatives targeting Taimen conservation in Mongolia and the establishment of nearly 500 river miles of conservation land where only catch and release fly fishing is allowed (Bailey 2012; Adachi).  To promote local compliance with these efforts, conservationist have collaborated with Buddhist monks to ensure that both the Taimen and the streams it inhabits are protected in a culturally sensitive manner.

Are these conservation efforts enough to save the Siberian Taimen?  "This fish is not like other trout and salmon species," said Zeb Hogan, a fisheries biologist with the University of Reno in Nevada.  By bringing locals into the picture and offering them alternatives to development, pressures on local fisheries have been lessened.  In Mongolia this methodology is being followed through using catch and release fly fishing as an engine of low impact development that avoids overharvesting Siberian Taimen.  The efforts in Mongolia combining a local cultural affinity for streams, anglers actively invested in the persistence of their aquatic foe, and economic development that creates an alternative to activities that harm Taimen populations serves as a guide to effectively conserve endangered fisheries.  If similar efforts can be implemented throughout its range, the Siberian Taimen may rebound from the declines it currently faces.

References 

Adachi, Satoshi. “The Pacific’s Largest and Most Ancient Salmon Species.” WildSalmonCenter.com. 

Bailey, D. H. 2012.  Collaborative conservation of Taimen (Hucho taimen) through education and awareness Khovsgol Aimag Mongolia.  ScholarWorks at University of Montana.

Chandra, S., D. Gilroy, S. Purevdorj, and M. Erdenebat. 2005. The feeding behaviour of fish from the upper Lake Baikal watershed of the Eroo River in Mongolia. Mongolian J. Biol. Sci. 3(1): 39–45.

Dulmaa, A. 1999: Fish and fisheries in Mongolia. No. 385. Rome: FAO.

Hogan, Z., O. Jensen. 2013: Hucho taimen. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e.T188631A22605180. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013–1.RLTS.T188631A22605180.en.

Holcik, J., K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, and L. Skacel. 1988. The Eurasian huchen, Hucho hucho, largest salmon of the world. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass.

Ocock, J., G. Baasanjav, J. E. M. Baillie, M. Erbenebat, et al. 2006: Mongolian Red List of Fishes – Regional Red List Series. Zoological Society of London, London, vol. 3

Stubblefield, A., S. Chandra, S. Eagan, D. Tuvshinjargal, G. Davaadorzh, D. Gilroy, J. Sampson, J. Thorne, B. C. Allen, and Z. Hogan. 2005. Impacts of gold mining and land use alterations on the water quality of central Mongolian rivers. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 1(4): 365–373.

Vander Zanden, M.J., L. N. Joppa, B. C. Allen, S. Chandra, D. Gilroy, Z. Hogan, J. T. Maxted, and J. Zhu. 2007. Modeling spawning dates of Hucho taimen in Mongolia to establish fishery management zones. Ecol. Appl. 17(8): 2281–2289.