A Rare Peek at Clinch Dace Spawning, by Don Orth

Today, The American Midland Naturalist released a paper on spawning observations of Clinch Dace (Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori). Clinch Dace is a species of high conservation need due to a restricted distribution, low population densities, and modified stream habitats.  Clinch Dace occur in only 31.5 km of headwater streams and the global population size is below 10,000 individuals (Moore et al. 2017). Ten of these areas have abandoned mine sites with $12.5M in unfunded restoration costs.  Restoration of the streams will take decades, but in the meantime, we must characterize and protect the remaining genetic diversity.

Several years ago, Hunter Hatcher and Michael Moore noted that the Clinch Dace in standardized samples were becoming more colored up each day.  They literally stumbled across a small depression in a creek where they witnessed numerous Clinch Dace in breeding coloration.  In these small streams, small circular pits are created by Creek Chubs and Stonerollers.     

 

Clinch Dace.  Photo by Isaac Szabo

In the midst of a busy field schedule, they managed to capture videos over a three-day period. These observations provide a rare peek into the behavior of this small, rare fish.   Since so little is known about the Clinch Dace, any observations could prove helpful and may assist with future captive propagation efforts (Rakes et al. 2013).  A short portion of the hours of video obtained may be viewed by clicking here.

After the field season, Hunter and Michael watched the videos over and over again, taking notes, making observations, and asking more questions.  The behaviors of the Clinch Dace changed each day.  Hatcher et al. (2017)  speculated that the early behaviors were territorial pre-spawn behaviors.  The Clinch Dace were so brightly colored that it seemed that spawning would soon be underway.   Water temperature (21.8 C) was higher than observed by White and Orth (2014) in the only other field observation of the Clinch Dace spawning behavior.  Many behaviors were characterized, including the behaviors that include females being corralled and clasped by males.  Though gamete release was not confirmed from video observations, the videos likely bracketed actual breeding events.  

Habitat is an important determinant of nest location in other fine-scaled daces Chrosomus.  Other species of Chrosomus exhibit flexibility in type of nest used.  For the  blackside dace (Chrosomus cumberlandensis), a federally listed threatened species,  flow and depth were the most influential factors in determining nest location and nest activity, respectively, and nest activity was positively correlated with substrate size (Scherer et al. 2014).

The rare observation is important because it indicates that Clinch Dace are breeding.  Although the numbers of breeders was small, the aggregation behaviors appeared to be similar to that observed in other Chrosomus dace.   If they are unable to find suitable mates due to low population densities, reproductive isolating mechanisms may break down.   In one stream, a hybrid between Clinch Dace and Rosyside Dace.

Top: Clinch Dace. Middle: hybrid Clinch Dace x Rosyside Dace. Bottom: Rosyside Dace.   Photo by Michael J. Moore.

The first step in science is observation. This rare peek raises many questions. The questions asked and what comes next is up to us. I hope the future brings efforts to spawn and propagate the Clinch Dace in captivity to enhance small populations and restore populations to some stream segments.

References

Hatcher, H.R., M.J. Moore, and D.J. Orth. 2017.  Spawning observations of Clinch Dace: Comparison of Chrosomus spawning behavior.  The American Midland Naturalist 177:318-326.     

Moore, M.J., D.J. Orth, and E.M. Hallerman. 2017. Densities and population sizes of Clinch Dace Chrosomus sp.cf. saylori in the upper Clinch River basin in Virginia. Copeia 105:92-99. 

Rakes, P.L., M.A. Petty, J.R. Shute, C.L. Ruble, and H.R. Mattingly. 2013. Spawning and captive propagation of Blackside Dace, Chrosomus cumberlandensis. Southeastern Naturalist 12(Special issue 4): 162-170 .

Scherer, A. E., and N. Santangelo. 2014. Assessment of reproductive requirements in habitat conservation efforts: a casestudy on Blackside Dace (Chrosomus cumberlandensis), a federally listed threatened species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71(3):408–415.

White, S. L., and D. J. Orth. 2014. Reproductive biology of Clinch Dace, Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori. Southeastern Naturalist 13(4): 735-743.

Investigating The Obscure Yeller Finned Minner, by Don Orth

Let’s call it the Clinch Dace.  It’s a small minnow, which the locals call “yeller finned minners.”  When Freshwater Fishes of Virginia was first published in 1994, this minnow was not known, at least to scientists.   It’s referred to as Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori.   This means we are sure it is a member of the genus Chrosomus, the fine-scale daces.  The sp. is an abbreviation for species, meaning we are not sure what the species really is.   The cf. is an abbreviation for the Latin verb conferre.   This tells one to consult with or compare with the species saylori, because it is most similar to the Laurel Dace Chrosomus saylori.  The Laurel Dace was described by Dr. Christopher Skelton (2001) and was listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2011.  The Clinch Dace was encountered in surveys associated with gas pipeline planning and construction.  The fish was considered a unique species due to differences in morphological and meristic traits (White and Orth 2013).  Because it has not yet been described as a species it has no federal protection. In Virginia, it is a Tier I species (very high conservation need) in the Virginia Wildlife Action Plan.

 

A,  Laurel Dace Chrosomus saylori Photo by Chris Skelton, B. Clinch Dace Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori Photo by Dave Neely

Michael J. Moore recently defended his master’s research which focused on this species. The thesis “Distribution and Population Characterization of Clinch Dace (Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori) in the Upper Clinch River System, Virginia” confirms the rarity and isolation of this fish within its putative range.  Clinch Dace occurred at only 13 of 70 sites sampled (18.6%).   The occupied sites were in small streams of low gradient and low conductivity in watersheds that were largely  (>80%) forested.  They rarely occurred with sculpin (Cottus spp.), but usually coexisted with Blacknose Dace, Creek Chub, Stoneroller, and Fantail Darter.  Both backpack electrofishing and minnow trapping were deemed to be feasible methods for capture and long-term monitoring. Although the Clinch Dace was found at two new locations, it was absent from two locations that previously had Clinch Dace.   The species occurs at low densities, in only 31.5 of the 351 km of headwater streams, making the global population size quite low (below 7,000 adults).  

Dashed line shows range of all collections of Clinch Dace.

Coal mining, logging, gas wells, cattle pastures, roads and culverts occur throughout the highly dissected landscape where the Clinch Dace may be found.  Here, the impacts of surface mining outweigh current mitigation actions, which have been largely criticized (Bernhardt et al. 2012).  The surface mine impacts can have long-lasting and significant effects on aquatic life.  For example, one isolated population of Clinch Dace exists upstream from a large surface mine in Left Fork Coal Creek (see photo).  Here the conductivity is less than 200 μS/cm.   However, downstream of the discharge from the surface mine, conductivity values increase to over 1,000 μS/cm.  Different ionic constituents are part of the dissolved solids loading, though these are not regulated. Of further concern, is that the community of Fork Ridge, Virginia, is one of 50 communities at highest risk of mountaintop mining. 

Aerial photo of Fork Ridge surface mine and isolated Clinch Dace habitat. Photo by D.J. Orth

The landscapes where the Clinch Dace reside provide a microcosm of what is occurring throughout the coal-mining region of Appalachia.  Coal is removed by a method known as contour highwall mining or mountaintop removal and valleys are filled with mine spoil.  Drainage from these surface mines and valley fills have high levels of dissolved solids, which remain elevated for long distances downstream and for 2 decades or more after the mine is “reclaimed”  (Evans et al. 2014). Aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are impaired by high ionic concentrations; these same small creatures are part of the food base for many fishes, including the Clinch Dace. It is unlikely that eggs and larvae can survive the elevated ionic concentrations.  Others have also detected a conductivity threshold for stream fishes. A threshold of conductivity likely exists, above which Clinch Dace and other fishes cannot persist.   With the small, and isolated pattern of the Clinch Dace populations, any further losses in habitat are troublesome.  At present, four of the largest populations in the least disturbed watersheds are the hope for the future of the species. 

We still need to quantify the levels of genetic diversity remaining in these small populations. Habitats that are important for Clinch Dace spawning  need to be identified and protected.  With cooperative landowners we need to identify and remove barriers to population expansion and monitor responses.  These yeller finned minners belong in the small streams that drain these hollers.  There are no alternative habitats once a valley is filled in.   

Landscape in the region occupied by Clinch Dace. Photo by D.J. Orth.

References

Bernhardt, E.S., et al. 2012.  How many mountains can we mine? Assessing the regional degradation of central Appalachian rivers by surface coal mining. Environmental Science and Technology 46(15):8115-8122.

Evans, D.M., C.E. Zipper, P.F. Donovan, and W.L. Daniels. 2014.  Long-term trends of specific conductance in waters discharged by coal-mine valley fills in central Appalachia, USA.  Journal of the American Water Resources Association  50(6):1449-1460.

Skelton, C.E. 2001.  New dace of the genus Phoxinus (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) from the Tennessee River drainage, Tennessee. Copeia 2001:118-128.   

White, S.L, and D.J. Orth. 2013. Ontogenetic and comparative morphology of Clinch Dace (Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori).  Copeia 2013(4):750-756.