Mythology of the Baby Doll Head, by Don Orth

Anyone who samples water, fish, or plants or animals in aquatic environments will eventually encounter a “baby doll,” or simply a “baby doll” head.  It may not be the creepiest thing you will ever encounter (Dead human bodies top the list), but it is one of those encounters that we don’t teach about in college or training courses.   Is it a curse of the baby doll head?  Or is it a sign of good fortune to come?  What will happen if I stare too long into those baby doll eyes?  Let me begin with a little history.  Porcelain dolls were first made in the 17th century.  These dolls were really made more for show than for a child’s plaything.   Today, porcelain dolls and porcelain doll heads are collectibles, and therefore never discarded.    The baby doll head I’m writing about (photo) is the one that has long since been discarded and found its way into a local stream or pond and has been part of the bed load or supporting a rich aufwuchs community for many months or years.

Baby Doll Head recovered from a stream in southwest Virginia.  Photo by Michael Moore.

By the 1950s all baby dolls were made with plastics.  It was the beginning of the hard plastic baby doll head era.  One can still find these vintage baby dolls for sale on etsy.com.   By 1960,  some of these baby dolls had eyelids that moved.  These "rock-a-bye" eyes would open or close when the doll's orientation shifted.   In order for these rock-a-bye eyes to move, the baby doll head had to be hard plastic.    Hard plastic baby doll era ended by the late 1960s and these vintage “hard headed baby dolls” are collectibles.  See Vintage Tiny Tears, for example.   

Plastics have been a major part of the world culture for over 50 years and the plastics legacy will be with us forever.   The movie, "The Graduate,” released in 1967, forever immortalized plastics with this dialogue between Benjamin, the talented yet aimless young graduate, and Mr. McGuire. 

 

     Mr. McGuire: I want to say one word to you. Just one word.

     Benjamin: Yes, sir.

     Mr. McGuire: Are you listening?

     Benjamin: Yes, I am.

     Mr. McGuire: Plastics.

     Benjamin: Exactly how do you mean?

     Mr. McGuire: There's a great future in plastics. Think about it. Will you think about it?

          Plastics  

 

You thought “Mrs. Robinson, you’re trying to seduce me.” was the most quotable line from that movie.    Huh?   Didn’t you?!

Mr. McGuire foreshadowed our preoccupation with plastics and those plastic softeners, otherwise known as plasticizers.   These plasticizers ushered in a new era of soft plastics, including the soft baby doll head.    Little did Mr. McGuire know, but many of these plasticizers, or phthalate esters, were potential endocrine disruptors and cause developmental toxicity.  I digress because we should all care about the plastic waste in our environment.  A recent study documented widespread occurrence of plastic debris in fishes and other seafood directly sold for human consumption.  Yuk!   If it tastes like plastic, there may be a good reason.   Quantities of plastic resins produced globally reached 288 million MT in 2012; much of this ends up as waste in oceans, lakes, rivers and estuaries.   Jambeck et al. (2015) predict that we will not reach the global peak before 2100.  In the meantime we need to reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, and restrain in our plastics use.     

 Quantities of mismanaged plastic waste entering oceans (Jambeck et al. 2015)

We now live in Mr. McGuire’s great world of plastics – plastic upholstery, plastic bumpers, plastic laptops, plastic smartphones, plastic grocery bags, and even plastic baby dolls.   Eventually, sometime when you least expect it your field sampling crew will encounter a baby doll head.  What will you do?   In my experience, it is the rare crew member who encounters the baby doll head and simply ignores it, leaving it where it was found.   There are a variety of reactions that may occur; once you encounter a baby doll head while doing aquatic field work you will be forever changed.  The baby doll head mythologies will emerge.  Other crew members will share their stories.  And you will begin to wonder.   Who owned this former baby doll?  What was the baby doll’s name?  How long has it lived amidst the benthos?  What was once such a treasure or comfort to a young child may now give a grown-up  -- a former child -- the creeps.

Let me tell two stories about a fisheries biologist.  I’ll call him “Don” to protect the innocent.

First Story:  Don had a new research project to examine the effects of urbanization and storm-water management on stream water quality and fishes.   On the first sample trip, a large container of formaldehyde leaked into the bottom of the Chevy Suburban while the crew was sampling.  The crew took the Suburban to a local car wash to flush out the residue, but the smell was persistent – their vehicle would thereafter be the “Smelly Suburban.”  Later in this very same project, first one crew member, then another developed red, scaly rashes on their arms and legs.  Because they were working in urban streams, the crew used hand sanitizers twice per day and cleaned and disinfected waders and gloves weekly.   Don suspected MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as antibiotics resulted in only slight improvements.   When they returned from another perfectly awful day, Don started to download photos from the digital camera and realized there were only three photos from the 87 photos logged in the field notebook.  Somehow 84 photos were erased.    The next day one of his field assistants stepped on a yellow jacket nest when walking along the stream bank and received multiple stings.   Don administered epinephrine with the EpiPen and tried to put cold packs on all the sting locations. He watched for signs of difficulty breathing as the other assistant reloaded equipment into the smelly Suburban.   

That’s when they found the doll head in a storm drain.  This was Don’s first encounter with a baby doll head. By that time he and the others were already convinced that this project was cursed.   The baby doll was named “Baby Blacknose” because of a black stain across its face that resembled the most common urban fish, the Blacknose Dace.    Reluctantly the crew accepted “Baby Blacknose” as project mascot.  It was a helpless admission that the project was cursed.  So the crew developed a story about when the baby was manufactured, when and where the baby was purchased, and even the story of the family that gave the baby to a little girl on her second birthday.    In the days that followed, the rashes healed and even the lost digital photos mysteriously appeared.   The motor pool reported that smelly Chevy Suburban was on a recall list for safety reasons and the project was assigned a new Chevy Suburban.  The project continued through completion with “Baby Blacknose” proudly displayed for all to see. 

Baby Mudbutt, Photo by D.J.Orth

Second Story:  Don had the dream project, sampling the diverse fauna of fish, mussels, crayfish, and macroinvertebrates in a distant, unexplored watershed.   Each sampling trip would bring at least one new discovery of a fish long thought to be lost from the system or some new sampling technique that made the field crew more efficient.  There was substantial interest on the part of the research sponsor and the next report would be accompanied with a proposal to renew and expand the project.  Each excursion was a new adventure and the Chevy Suburban was fully loaded to overflowing with sampling gear for the upcoming investigation.   On this particular excursion, Don brought along the principal investigator.  The first sampling day was an amazing adventure as they captured a juvenile  darter of special interest to the principal investigator.   Later on this very same excursion, while snorkeling for mussels, they encountered a baby doll head, half-buried in the stream sediments.   Don listened intently as the principal investigator pontificated on the many places he had sampled during his illustrious career.  The baby doll head was christened with the name “Baby Floater” and became the project mascot – the bearer of all “good mojo.”   As it turned out, “Baby Floater” was not the bearer of “good mojo,” just the opposite.     On their return trip home, the transmission on the Chevy Suburban started to delay when shifting and by the time they got home, the 2^nd and 3^rd gears were gone.  On the next trip one of the field assistants slipped down a bank and broke her collarbone.   A replacement assistant was trained and on the very next sampling trip the electroshocker shorted out and caught fire.   The project report was submitted on time but the proposed continuation was rejected due to budget cuts and all staff members had to be reassigned. 

In the first story, we see that the baby doll brings good mojo, whereas in the second the baby doll brings bad mojo.     Don knew that the baby doll didn’t bring either good or bad mojo; to do so would be to argue “post hoc, ergo propter hoc.” (After this, therefore because of this).  He was a good scientist; and he knew how easy it was for scientists to fool themselves.  

Mythologies develop to help explain phenomena that we don’t clearly understand.  So Don developed the baby doll head mythology.   The story we tell is all important to whether the baby doll head will bring good or bad fortune.  The baby doll head demands a story and it is the responsibility of the finder to tell this story.  If you already have a baby doll head mascot, it’s not too late to develop this story.  Don’t simply leave the baby doll head in the bottom of the live-well.

Baby Doll Head that resides in one of our electrofishing boats.  Photo by D.J. Orth

“What do I do when I encounter a baby doll head, but we already have a lab mascot?”  This question arises sooner than you expect.   Unlike the beverage containers you may pick up when sampling, the baby doll heads are not recyclable.   You may collect them “one doll head at a time,” but no one appreciates a bunch of old, dirty doll heads in the lab.   Here I offer a modest number of creative suggestions for your excess baby doll heads. 

Joel Slaton used the doll heads he collected, along with doll arms, legs, and liquor bottles,  to mark what he now calls the “Doll’s-Head Trail” in a park near the industrial district in Atlanta, Georgia. Read more about the Doll’s-Head Trail here.    Some have gone so far as to create tourist attractions from the discarded dolls.   The Island Of The Dolls (Isla de las Muñecas),  near Xochimilco is one of the creepiest tourist attraction in Mexico.   

 

Baby Doll Heads can be dark and creepy.

 "The story goes that some half a century ago a little girl drowned off a small island hidden deep amongst the canals of Xochimilco. The island’s only permanent inhabitant was a hermit named Don Julián Santana Barrera, who despite having a wife and family, chose to live alone on the island. Soon after the girl’s death Barrera fished out one doll after another from the canals. Convinced that this was a sign from the evil spirit, Don Julian Santana began hanging them on trees to protect himself from evil and calm the spirit of the dead girl. Soon Don Julián had made the entire island into a shrine."   If it sounds creepy, I assure you that it is.  Watch this creepy doll turn its head along a forest trail. 

There are easier ways to be creative with your extra doll heads.    One option is to take your doll head with you everywhere to share the story of the baby doll head.  In this photo (below), the Baby Doll Bob is photographed with the dinner entrée

Baby Doll Head Bob with recent dinner entrée.

One practical solution is to use the extra baby doll head as the “Lab Safety Mascot” or “Baby Doll Safety First!”   We can easily tire of repeating the safety rules “Report all accidents, injuries, and breakage of glass or equipment immediately.  Keep pathways clear by placing extra items on shelves.  Wear safety goggles. Know the location of fire extinguisher, eye wash station, and first aid kit……”   So make this the job of “Baby Doll Safety First!”    

Baby Mudbutt assists with water safety training.  Photo by D.J. Orth

Creative types have found many uses of the discarded baby doll heads.    One can make planters, candleholders, string of lights, lamps, more lamps,  brassieres, and other weird displays.     With Halloween in the near future, you may wish to create a creepy baby doll costume.  Just watch this "How To" video.    If you can solve the problem of cleaning the baby doll head, you will be able to sell the extras.  The vintage doll heads are collectibles; this one is listed for sale at $10.

Nighlight made from a cracked baby doll head.  Source.

Share your own photos, stories, and experiences with encounters with baby dolls on twitter.com with #babydollhead.  

References

Halden, R.U. 2010.  Plastics and health risks.  Annual Review of Public Health 31:179-194.

Jambeck, J.R., and seven coauthors.  2015.  Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.  Science 347(6223):768-771.    

Nuzzo, R. 2015.  How scientists fool themselves -- and how they can stop.  Nature  526:182-185.

Rochman, C.M. and eight coauthors. 2015. Anthropogenic debris in seafood: plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 14340     doi:10.1038/srep14340

Who You Callin’ “Chubby?” Eastern Creek Chubsucker Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill 1814) by Don Orth

The Eastern Creek Chubsucker occurs throughout many of the Atlantic slope drainages of the United States.   It is typically found in small streams and riverine wetlands, hence the “creek” descriptor.    It is very seldom caught by anglers because of its small mouth and is also infrequently observed by fisheries biologists.    Adults are olive-brown above grading to a more golden color on the sides and a white or silvery belly.  Fins are olive-gray and may be yellow at times.  The scales are darkly edged with pigments, which gives the fish a cross-hatched appearance on the sides.      The genus name, Erimyzon, derives from the Greek word eri  meaning "very much" or "a lot," and myzo "to suck."  The specific name, oblongus, refers to the oblong body shape, because  it is longer than the Lake Chubsucker.  The Lake Chubsucker was the “chubby” one, first described by the French naturalist, Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1803.     

Adult male Eastern Creek Chubsucker (top, photo by Jason Emmel) and juvenile (bottom)

Eastern Creek Chubsucker is a member of the sucker family (Catostomidae) and has a small, slightly oblique, nearly terminal sucker-type mouth with fleshy plicate lips.  It is a small sucker, generally less than 20 cm.   The body is thick and round, hence the “chubby” descriptor.   During spawning the males are dark brown above and pink to yellow below with orange paired fins and yellow median fins.    Breeding males also develop 3 large tubercles on each side of the snout.    Young Eastern Creek Chubsuckers are distinguished by a faint yellow stripe above black stripe that extends from the snout to the caudal fin base. 

Three large tubercles on snout of breeding male (left, photo by Todd Crail); Ventral view of mouth of Eastern Creek Chubsucker showing plicate lips, which meet at nearly right angles (right).

The genus, Erimyzon, consist of four species, the Eastern Creek Chubsucker E. oblongus, Western Creek Chubsucker C. claviformis, Lake Chubsucker E. sucetta, and the Sharpfin Chubsucker E. tenuis.  Older literature recognizes two disjunct forms, or subspecies of Creek Chubsuckers, one along the Atlantic slope drainages and one in Mississippi and Gulf Slope drainages.  However, today these are considered Eastern Creek Chubsucker and Western Creek Chubsucker.  All members of the genus are similar in body shape and have no lateral line.   They are distinguishable by scale counts.  The lateral line is a system of sense organs used to detect movement and vibrations in surrounding water, very useful adaptation.   The loss of the lateral line is a derived trait but raises the question "Why lose a lateral line organ?"  No one has ever investigated that evolutionary question.     

Creek Chubsucker may be important pioneer fishes, among the first to ascend small creek newly flowing in the springtime.  Creek Chubsuckers spawn in spring (March through May) over sand and gravel.   The very large tubercles on the snout are formidable looking weapons and one can only speculate about the nature of agonistic encounters among breeding male Creek Chubsuckers.  Larry Page and Carole Johnston do describe males defending territories by head butting.   After males establish breeding territories, they court females and lead them to the territory.  The female digs in the gravel with her snout presumable to indicate spawning readiness.   To view these activities click here.  

Although the Eastern Creek Chubsucker is widely distributed, there have been few studies that examine the role(s) that it plays in the aquatic ecosystem.   Databases on fishes will categorize its feeding mode as invertivore, but its feeding behavior and preferences in the dynamic creeks and riverine wetlands are largely unexplored.   Even Wikipedia has conflicting entries regarding the invertivore and/or herbivore-detritivore classification.  More research is needed on this question!  One study examined 16 specimens in a Virginia stream; of the 13 that had food materials, 61% contained digested plant matter and animal food items were entomostracans (a subclass of Crustaceans).    

Some other observations provide hints to the role of this species. During breeding, the scattering of thousands of eggs for each spawning females attracts many egg predators.  The mortality is likely very high and, therefore, the Creek Chubsucker with its high fecundity likely feeds many carnivorous animals. The Eastern Creek Chubsucker is often associated with warm-water, sluggish streams that also support Brown Bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus,  Yellow Perch Perca flavesens, and either the Chain Pickerel Esox niger or the Redfin Pickerel Esox americanus.    It is likely the Eastern Creek Chubsucker is a frequently encountered prey item in the diet of the black bass and pickerels.    Along with Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas and Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, chubsuckers are highly acceptable baits for fishermen.   In fact, many lure makers have patterned artificial lures to resemble the chubsuckers. 

Chubsucker fishing lure sold by bigbitebaits.com (top)   Creek Chubsucker by Uland Thomas (bottom).

The unfortunate reality is that there are few studies that examine the status of populations of the Eastern Creek Chubsucker or other species of chubsuckers throughout their range.   Milton Trautman, author of “The Fishes of Ohio” described the detrimental effect of heavy erosion on Western Creek Chubsucker.  He wrote that “upon several occasions I found many dead chubsuckers in a stream section whose water contained much clayey silt.  This silt had been washed into the stream from recently cultivated cornfields during a brief summer shower.  The sticky silt had packed about the gills of the chubsuckers, suffocating them.”    As far as I know there are no "Save the Chubsucker" associations anywhere.   So keep a look out for these "chubby" suckers and see what they might be telling you.

References

Page, L.M. and C.E. Johnston. 1990.   Spawning in the Creek Chubsucker, Erimyzon oblongus, with a Review of Spawning Behavior in Suckers (Catostomidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 27:265-272

Trautman, M.B. 1981. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus. 782 pp.  

Wagner, C.C. and E.L. Cooper.1963.  Population density, growth, and fecundity of the Creek Chubsucker, Erimyzon oblongus.  Copeia   1963:350-357.